Read and respond to the questions provided below under “Specific Question Prompt Instructions”. Your response must include references to the lecture, powerpoint, and/or text to ensure you have studied the material before you begin applying the material. See the rubric for guidelines regarding the exact manner in which you should reference the material. Your response must be ONE page in length and must be written in essay style consisting of paragraphs. There is no need to refer to the question numbers in your response. See the rubric for guidelines on how you will be graded with regard to length. Find ONE article to support your answer to the questions, and refer to it ANYWHERE in your response and upload the article with your Word document. If you include a quotation, you must explain what your quotation means and why it is relevant. Refer to the rubric to see how you will be graded in reference to incorporating the article within the text of your response. Include a reference page in APA style for each submission. The articles must be 7 to 20 pages long, published within the last 10 years, and peer reviewed. See the rubric for specifics on how you will be graded.

. Case Study of a Category-Specific Deficit – Fur of the Crocodile and the Mooing Sheep

An important question for knowledge representation is “How are concepts organized?” Collins & Quillian proposed that knowledge could be represented in a hierarchical semantic network. A number of case studies provide support for this notion when deficits are seen for items in one category but not for items in a different category. The following citation is the source for the case study discussed here.

Kolinsky, R., Fery, P., Messina, D., Peretz, I., Evinck, S., Ventura, P., & Morais, J. (2002).

The fur of the crocodile and the mooing sheep: A study of a patient with a category-specific

impairment for biological things. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 19 (4), 301-342.

Please see the attached article: Kolinsky et al 2002.pdf

ER suffered from herpes encephalitis. This resulted in what appears to be anterograde amnesia (much of his autobiographical memory prior to the herpes encephalitis seems to be intact but he is unable to recall new information). In addition to the amnesia, ER apparently has a difficult time recognizing biological items but no problem with non-biological items.

Table 1: Summary of a few of the results from Kolinsky et al. (2002) article. Percent correct naming of different types of images across three categories for patient, “ER,” compared to normal control subjects.

	CATEGORY
TYPE OF TASK	Animals	Fruit/Vegetables	Artifacts(non-biological)
Naming Line Drawings
ER	33%	30%	71%
Control Group	98%	97.5%	99%
Naming Photographs
ER	50%	39%	82%
Control Groups	98%	97%	99%

The results indicate a consistent deficit for biological items (animal and fruit/vegetable categories) across a number of different tasks. Performance on artifacts (non-biological [e.g., anchor, alarm clock]) was consistently higher than the other two categories. The one exception to the biological deficit is the ability to recognize various human figures/body parts.

Summary of the case study by Kolinsky et al. (2002):

“We have documented here the case of a patient (ER) who displayed a category-specific deficit in recognizing biological entities. This impairment occurred across a variety of tasks and modalities, including recognition from vision, verbal definition, naming upon definition, drawing from memory, and nonverbal sound recognition. It can be explained by neither a perceptual deficit nor a lexical access deficit.” (p. 331)

Often when ER was presented with a number of different tasks dealing with biological items, he would simply respond that he does not know or does not remember. However, there are times in which his responses consisted of confabulation. Confabulation was evident for biological items for visual and functional probes. The follow quote is confabulation for biological items (the authors noted that he did not do this with the non-biological category).

“The crocodile was thought to have fur … The elephant was admitted to have horns … The ostrich was said to be smaller than a hen, and the rhinoceros smaller than a lion. The giraffe was supposed to have short legs and the deer a long tail.” (pp. 329-330)

Confabulation was evident for responses to nonperceptual characteristics of biological items.

“The lion and the rhinoceros were said to be nondangerous, but the deer to be dangerous ‘for small animals that it may kill.’ The penguin was supposed to live in the forest, and the zebra in cold countries; the mushroom was believed to grow in dry places and to be juicy. The frog was supposed to crawl, the snail to move fast, and the duck not to fly.” (p. 330)

Discussion questions/topics:

1. Explain the results on the table.
2. What do the results of this case study suggest about the organization of information in memory?
3. Why do you think ER confabulated for certain types of information?
4. What was the goal of the researches when they tested ER with a variety of tasks (e.g., line drawings, pointing). The same deficit seems to appear across a number of different tasks.
5. What is the relevance of the information obtained from the control group?

1 full page double spaced

Please read below student posts (4 posts) reply each in 150 words.Include references.

jaideep – 1. Why do some executives refuse to function as project sponsors?

The Project Sponsor, be a dynamic part who can identify the necessities, design, arrange and influence the group to work likewise. He must be the person who can go out on a limb in checking all the key components like if the undertaking is being overseen legitimately or not, or on the off chance that it is under appropriate control, favoring expectations, settling the issues and so on. A few people who owe high authority qualities actively approach to be a Project Sponsor. Be that as it may, few executives decline to function as venture supports intimidated by the hazard factors related to it. As indicated by the contextual analysis, Al Zink was additionally not all that particularly intrigued by acting as a Project Sponsor since he was constantly hesitant to decide. He was anxious that if the result of the undertaking turns negative, it may influence his profession antagonistically.

2. Can executive be forced to function as a sponsor?

No doubt, the expert can be compelled to be an assistance that relies on the higher association. On the off chance that the specialist is all around experienced in the errand and his relations with higher association can make him as an assistance. As he isn’t that much experienced, he will be guided by his manager in doing documentation and his parts and duties.

3. Is it right for the sponsor to be the ultimate person responsible for the success or failure of the project?

It isn’t the right undertaking trough is the main individual for every one of the flop and the benefit for the task. Project support being the piece of the task group as a freeloader he jars keep up the up-to-date and the asset available and the observing the dangers and giving the time reports and the undertaking frameworks. The credit of the achievement and the disappointments are in the hands of the venture group this will dependably prompt the evil execution of the group.

Rahuk – Project sponsor is the one who will owe the project on behalf of the client. Project sponsor is the reasons behind a project. In hierarchy of a project sponsor will be on top of project manager though they will not participate in day to day running of a project activity (Bondale, 2018).. Project sponsor will be key driver towards implementation of project as they will be tasked with eth securing funds of a project and will provide the guidance on direction to project.

All projects might not require the sponsors. They will be usually important on the protect that have lost of resources and the combination of various activities that are been happening not are said to be concurrent and at various times. They will need in being trained highly as in being able in responding to various occasions in timely way and it might sometimes call to handle for the situation behind scenes. Executives special in larger organizations are been readily pre-occupied with day to day activities of the organization. Their nature of the jobs will make them in not being ready in accepting role of the project sponsor as role will need lot of experience and various things included along with the busy schedule and so they fear in making a wrong decision which might jeopardize the careers.

The critical role is the project sponsor to provide specialized executive levels decision that will be affected highly by skills the person will poses, experience and mastery of the communications skills so not in making the mistake that will not put one at clear stake but will make company in fail or being successful. An executive might be forced in becoming eth sponsor on basis of scope and sensitivity of business. Company will then make that to be mandatory for own executives in functioning as the sponsor after they carryout SWOT analysis of external and internal stakeholders( Bondale, K. D, 2011).. It might sometimes be important simply in playing the role of the big brother without being carrying duties of the sponsor. It could be observed the AI is being excellent to use engineering tools but he have less command of the protect management. It is scenario AI must be considered by management as the big brother so that he might be able in getting to learn from Fred. So we can say that there is no threat to force but if he wishes in not being a project sponsor then it is good act in making sure of not assigning such roles as they might not be doing good against there will.

There are different stakeholders in the project from time project ideas are been conceived up to end. Success and failures of the project is purely in hands of everyone in the team(Schibi, O., & Lee, (2015).. It is not a good idea in treating it as a mistake of single person

yaswanth – Question 1

The estimating techniques discussed in the given case are three-point, analogy, and triangular estimate techniques. In the three-point estimate, the flow of a project is defined by three sets of assumptions. The first set might be optimistic, the second one might be pessimistic, and the third one is between other two estimates. Many companies use three-point estimation for making estimated probability distribution (Juristo & Moreno, 2013). Analogy estimate is one of the most common estimates used by project managers to make improves on the present project by considering past experiences. Triangular distribution is another approach used for probability distribution which does in the form of a triangle.

Question 2

For every project, there are different levels of complexity and various factors influencing the project success. Before making the selection of better estimation technique, the project manager should consider various factors such as the project size, availability and level of expertise of resources, complexity factors or risks involved, the amount of work efforts, availability of equipment/materials, and the project quality (Hussein, 2014). The project manager will make a decision on which estimation technique to use in the project based on the project scope and their understanding of the requirements. The understanding has to match exactly with client needs with respect to the project. For an instance, the project has the high complexity or at high risk, a project manager should go for the use of historical data for estimation purposes i.e. analogous estimating technique. Because it uses the historical data could help to analyze the project and meet requirements successfully.

Question 3

If I was assigned as a project manager of this project, I would make the use of a combination of parametric and analogous estimation technique. Analogy estimation is mainly utilized when the project manager does not has sufficient information on the present project thus, it’s necessary to compare it with one of the previous projects which are successfully completed in previous (Kerzner, 2013). But, it is not considered to bemost accurate estimate technique because of complexity and time taking process. So, along with this technique, I would like to use parametric estimation because it helps to calculate the cost and duration effectively.

pujan – How many different estimating techniques were discussed in the case?

Analogy Estimate / Comparative estimation: Most common techniques used in the project activities. It uses the past project experiences and implements on the current project. This strategy requires the utilization of authentic information from past undertakings that connect to the present task and making gauges. Right here, it is referenced that he looked at the unpredictability of the work bundle to other comparable works that he had taken a shot at to land at a gauge.

Three-Point Technique: Companies utilizes three-point appraisals to help improve the precision of cost and time gauges. Like the name, three sections are three distinct assessments.

If each estimate is different, how does a project manager decide that one estimate is better than another?

For an undertaking administrator to choose a gauge, certain attributes should be considered. Each gauge is not quite the same as another and relies upon cynical and idealistic time. It additionally considers number of laborers engaged with the task. Attributes like intricacy of the venture and the hazard in question, authentic information identified with the evaluations, range of abilities that the laborers in the group have, conveyance speed and past work understanding on settling on the assessments.

If you were the project manager, which estimate would you use?

As a project manager, I would want to utilize analogy estimation. Since the project has past statistical data points for a parallel task, it will be helpful to spare time and spotlight on different components. The vast majority of the venture doesn’t conclude in light of multifaceted nature. Similarity estimation handles the unpredictability of the task adequately and proficiently. Expecting the evaluated time for the job is 16 days by similarity estimation is more sensible than 3-point estimate.

Cost Accounting

Read the attached file and answer the questions

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Africans in Business Assignment

In this assignment, you are to watch the videos presented. The videos document a time in US History when African people were in politics, banking, insurance and able to govern themselves and their affairs.

Write a one page report on each video. In the report, compare and contrast the difference in how African people were treated them and how they are treated now and analyze how African business have been restored in the areas where they were destroyed, has there been justice for the African victims and has there been reparations paid to the African victims.

Times New Roman, 12 point font, double spaced and MLA format.