Behavioral analysis of an animal on the endangered species list (https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/directory?direction=desc&sort=extinction_status (Links to an external site.)).

You are to write a detailed paper describing the behaviors of an animal of your choice.  Make sure to include the scientific name of the animal, its natural habitat, how many survive in the wild today and if it is included on the endangered species list.  Your analysis must include sections on how your animal makes a living in the wild, mating behaviors, and parenting behaviors (following all the sections in the text).  For instance, describe how the animal makes a living in the wild by going into detail about its foraging behaviors, migrating patterns, its predators/prey, competition and territoriality, communication, and group/solitary living behaviors.  Then for the mating and parenting section describe the sexual conflict, sexual selection and courtship behaviors as well as mating pattern, parenting and helping/cooperation behaviors.  Include throughout the analysis how these behaviors are learned/adapted so as to be advantageous to the species. Lastly, describe conservation efforts to improve the animal’s survival.

Paper guideline: APA format for in-text citations & references, 6-7 pages (at least 4 FULL pages), double-spaced, 1-inch margins, with reference page (not included in the 6-7 pages).  Use academic sources for cited information.  Wikipedia is not to be cited or used as an academic source.  If you are unsure of what constitutes an academic source- ASK. 

Discuss whether individuals should have the right to undergo cryonics. Discuss the moral, ethical, and legal implications of legalizing cryonics for chronically ill patients. Reference any federal laws applicable to this scenario. 

Use as references any of this sources:

 

• Pendo, E. (2015). What patients with disabilities teach us about the everyday ethics of health care. Wake Forest Law Review, 50(2), 287-300.
• Rosenberg, A. R., Wolfe, J., Wiener, L., Lyon, M., & Feudtner, C. (2016). Ethics, Emotions, and the Skills of Talking About Progressing Disease With Terminally Ill Adolescents: A Review. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(12), 1216-1223. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016
• Moore, J., Engel, J., & Prentice, D. (2014). Relational ethics in everyday practice. Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal, 24(1), 31-34. doi:10.5737/1181912×2413134
• Olsen, D. P., Chan, R., & Lehto, R. (2017). Ethical Nursing Care When the Terminally Ill Patient Seeks Death. The American Journal Of Nursing, 117(7), 50-55. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000520948.84965.fa
• Sandefur, C. (2017). Safeguarding the right to try. Arizona State Law Journal, 49(2), 513-536.
• Shanbhag, V. L. (2017). Assessment of Ethical Aspects of Cryonics: An Emerging Technology. Journal Of The Scientific Society, 44(2), 63-66. doi:10.4103/jss.JSS_19_17
• Cerullo, M. A. (2016). The Ethics of Exponential Life Extension through Brain Preservation. Journal Of Evolution & Technology, 26(1), 94-105.
• Hunter-Johnson, L., Von Koenig, J., & Wheeler, W. L. (2016). Cryonic Preservation of a Patient Dying from Head Trauma. Journal Of Palliative Medicine, 19(5), 475-476. doi:10.1089/jpm.2016.0020

In two diferent paragraph give your personal opinion to Colin Preston and Paula Switzer 

 Colin Preston 

    Cryonics is the field of science where a person, after death, is frozen in the expectation that there will be a cure for whatever caused their death.  When a treatment or cure is found in the future, the corpse would be thawed and treated.  There is no evidence that this will be successful, and the use of cryonics is speculative at best. (Hospital News)

    There are currently no US laws that expressly forbid the practice of cryonics but there are laws that apply both in favor and against the treatment of human “remains”.  There are laws that regulate the appropriate treatment of a corpse in order to preserve dignity and public health.  These laws typically apply to funeral homes or prohibit people from performing burials without a license.  There are laws that could be construed as supportive of cryonics.  These laws address the donation of a body for medical research. (Bridge, 1994)

    A person does have broad and significant rights in terms of what they can decide can be done with their body upon death.  The person could choose traditional burial, cremation, have their ashes scattered, or donate their body for the purpose of scientific research.  A person, I believe should have the right to make these decisions.  (Bridge, 1994)

    The moral implications of opting for cryonics is up to the individual and their hope for a cure at some point in the future.  Ethically, this practice, while not widely accepted or regulated, is still a concept that may be gaining popularity and support.  Legally, as stated above, is not expressly prohibited and there are labs that perform this service throughout the country. (Shanbhag, 2017)

    At this point the practice has no proven benefit and may be more of a psychological comfort to a person or family who may not be able to accept their terminal situation.  If potentially “quack” science provides solace, and no one is harmed, why not allow people to hang on to hope and undergo this process.

Fun Read: Ted Williams was one of the greatest baseball players of all time.  After his death two of his three children fought to have his remains cryonically frozen.  See the reference below to read the bizarre story about the battle between his children and the mistreatment of his remains by the cryonics lab.  (Funeral Industry News, 2019)

References

Purtilo, R., Doherty, R.  (102015). Ethical Dimensions in the Health Professions, 6th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf 9.2].  Retrieved from (vbk://9780323328920)

Smith, K., Bianchi A., Hospital News, Ethical Issues of Cryonics, Retrieved from (https://hospitalnews.com/ethical-issues-of-cryonics/)

Shanbhag, V., Journal of the Scientific Society, Vol. 44 2017, Assessment Of Ethical Aspects Of Cryonics: An Emerging Technology, Retrieved from (http://www.jscisociety.com/article.asp?issn=0974-5009;year=2017;volume=44;issue=2;spage=63;epage=66;aulast=Shanbhag)

Funeral Industry News, Connecting Directors, April 2019, Who Should Have Called Foul When Cryonics Lab Took a Swing at Ted Williams’ Frozen Head? Retrieved from (https://connectingdirectors.com/53931-ted-williams)

Bridge, S., Alcor, 1994, The Legal Status of Cryonics Patients, Retrieved from(https://alcor.org/Library/html/legalstatus.html)

 

 Paula Switzer 

Medical advances have not structure that is why we study bioethics.  Bioethics con concerns ethical questions about living people “or the science of living systems” (Oxford, 2020).  In this case cryonics concerns people who are not alive therefore there are not many legalities because laws protect the living. 

When you look health care, it increases life expectancy and so does cryonics just after technology is available “modern medicine and medical technologies have led to a “dramatic extensions” of life – and more” (NPR, 2020).  I concluded current technology saves lives why couldn’t future technology help patients that had their life cut short because of cancer “the moral argument for an unfixed life span is rooted in the dignity and worth of human life” (Alcor, 2020).   And then I pondered patients who die and are resuscitate back to life.  Compared to cryonic patients who will be resuscitated later in life. 

As a student, I have learned to resolve ethical dilemmas I need to look at the four principles. Oxford University Press (2020), lists the four principles as autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice.  After researching Alcor Life Extension Foundation (2020).  Justice means lacking judgement on those that chose cryonics.  Beneficence is for the good, I feel one shouldn’t be bias between those who are brought back to life through resuscitation verses those brought back to life later by cryonic. 

 Additionally, non-maleficence is difficult to analyze because cryonics is still in early stages.  However, when you look at autonomy principle, there are two parts.  The patient is informed of the process allowed to make his/her own individual choice.  Per Alcor Life Extension Foundation (2020), patients walk through the facility and receive information on how their body is preserved.  They even have appointed power of attorney if their remains need disposing due to lack of funding.  My problem with agreeing if this is ethical is, if years pass and the company changes hands or technology reaches the to the point of science fiction will the patient’s autonomy be forgotten “ temporal concerns also feature when we interpret welfare in terms of happiness…and the (potential) future reanimated person might have different interests at different times” (Law, 2018).  Therefore, the risk of autonomy may be lost in another century or so which means it may lose the ethical, morality and legal stance it has today.  

Paula Switzer

References

Alcor Life Extension Foundation (2020).  The Legal Status of Cryonics Patients.  Retrieved from https://alcor.org/Library/html/legalstatus.html#:`:text=there%20are%20no%20state%20or.no%20laws%20APPLY%20to%20cryonics

BIOETHICS. (2001). In Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine (p. 105). Oxford University Press, 2001. Retrieved from https;//wwwhttps://eds-b-ebscohost-com.libauth.purdueglobal.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=3&sid=f3afd8a1-4761-43b2-9cf6-630dae772f78%40pdc-v-sessmgr05&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=7370993&db=hxh

Law, R. (2018). Cryonics in the Courtroom: Which Interests? Whose Interests? Medical Law Review, 26(3), 476–499. https://doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwx045

NPR (2020). Doctor considers the Pitfalls of Extending Life and Prolonging Death.  Retrieved from https://www.npor.org/sections/health-shots/2017/01/30/512426568/doctor-considers-the-pitfalls-of-extending-life-and-prolonging-death

Role of Government in Providing Health Insurance for Other Sections

The government provides health insurance to low-income individuals, the elderly, and the disabled. These individuals cannot afford private health insurance and would be uninsured if government insurance did not exist. Medicaid and Medicare are entitlement programs, while SCHIP is a block grant program.

On the basis of your knowledge on Medicaid, Medicare and SCHIP, write a 3- to 4-page essay in a Microsoft Word document on these government insurance programs. Your essay should include answers to the following questions:

• Compare and contrast the three major government health insurances. Include eligibility, administrative jurisdiction, and method of financing.
• Compare the Medicaid program in the state you reside in with a Medicaid program in another state. Should Medicaid programs be uniform throughout the United States? Explain why or why not.
• Compare the structure and eligibility rules for SCHIP in your state and SCHIP in another state. Do you think that SCHIP should be uniform throughout the United States? Why or why not? My State is South Carolina
• Describe entitlement and block grant programs. How are these two programs different?
• Should all government health insurances be entitlement programs or should they all be block grant programs? Why?

Submission Details:

• Support your responses with reasoning and examples
• Cite any sources in APA format.

Mary Beth has just been diagnosed with anemia that is believed to be due to a deficiency in her diet. The total amount of hemoglobin in her blood is low, as is her hematocrit (the percentage of her blood that is made up of red blood cells). What other information can help determine what nutrient deficiency is the cause of Mary Beth’s anemia?

Do you think the core functions of public health are universal? Do you believe they are applied the same way in a healthcare system such as that in the United States as opposed to the English or Canadian systems of socialized or universal health care? Share how you think some of the core functions might be applied differently, or why you feel they are universal.

ANSWER AND THEN REPLY TO MY CLASSMATE’S RESPONSE TO THE ABOVE QUESTIONS AND EXPLAIN WHY YOU AGREE? (A MINIMUM OF 100 WORDS)

                                 CLASSMATE’S POST

I believe the core functions of public health are universal, and I say that because public health professionals must identify what the health issue is, what threat is present and monitor changes. This will be conducted during the assessment phase. 

During the policy development phase public health officials will be able to educate, empower and inform the public of the threat so they are able to make a conscious decision to take action to eradicate the threat. Policies/Laws are being developed during this phase to control the spread of the existing threat. 

The assurance phase is an ongoing improvement process. Policies are enforced to ensure the threat is controlled and it is constantly monitored to introduce new and innovative ways to control health threats. 

With COVID-19 being the health threat that the world is faced with, you can see the core functions being utilized universally. The health issue has been identified; the public is updated daily on the progress of the pandemic which allows them to make informed decisions. Policies and laws are being implemented to control the spread of the disease. Masks must be worn to enter establishments; social distancing is in effect and large gatherings are prohibited. Life after COVID will not be the same. Tests were developed to diagnose persons with the disease, and vaccines are being developed to eradicate the spread.