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2 PAGES SINGLE SPACED DISCUSSION.

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ï‚· James Gelvin, The Modern Middle East: A History, 4th edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 140-157. 9 ï‚· Orhan Pamuk, Istanbul: Memories and the City, translated by Maureen Freely (New York: Vintage, 2006), pp. 3-46 (Chapters 1-5)