Focus of the Final Exam

The purpose of the Final Exam is to assess your understanding of the  main statistical concepts covered in this course and to evaluate your  ability to critically review a quantitative research article.  The exam  will consist of two parts: Part I includes three essay questions and  Part II includes a research critique.  All of your responses should be  included in a single Word document for submission. 

Please include the following general headings for each section of the written exam within your Word document:
Part I: Essay Questions

1. Essay 1
2. Essay 2
3. Essay 3

Part II: Research Study Critique

1.   Introduction
2.   Methods
3.   Results
4.   Discussion

Your complete Word document must include a title page with the following:

1. Student’s name
2. Course name and number
3. Instructor’s name
4. Date submitted

Part I: Essay Questions
There are three essay  questions in this section.  You must answer all three questions.  The  length of each essay should be one to two double-spaced pages (excluding  title and reference pages).  Use 12-point font and format your paper  with regular 1-inch margins.  Do not include the essay prompt in your  document.  It will not count toward the length requirement for your  essays.

Essay 1
A group of researchers  conducted an experiment to determine which vaccine is more effective for  preventing getting the flu. They tested two different types of  vaccines: a shot and a nasal spray. To test the effectiveness, 1000  participants were randomly selected with 500 people getting the shot and  500 the nasal spray. Of the 500 people were treated with the shot, 80  developed the flu and 420 did not. Of the people who were treated with  the nasal spray, 120 people developed the flu and 380 did not. The level  of significance was set at .05. The proportion of people who were  treated with the shot who developed the flu = .16, and the proportion of  the people who were treated with the nasal spray was .24. The  calculated p value = .0008. 
 

For this essay, describe  the statistical approaches (e.g., identify the hypotheses and research  methods) used in this excerpt from a research study.  Interpret the  statistical results and examine the limitations of the statistical  methods.  Finally, evaluate the research study as a whole and apply what  you have learned about hypothesis testing and inferential statistics by  discussing how you might conduct a follow-up study.

Your essay must address the following points:

• Describe the research question for this experiment. 
  • What were the null and alternative hypotheses?
  • Were the results of this test statistically significant?
  • If so, why were they significant?
• Would the researchers reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
• Do the results provide sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis?
• Was the sample appropriate for this study?  Explain your answer.
• What are some possible limitations to this study?
• Discuss how you would conduct a follow up study to this one. Explain your answer.
• Describe the difference between practical and statistical significance.

Essay 2
A researcher has investigated the relationship between IQ and grade point average (GPA) and found the correlation to be .75.

For this essay, critique the results and interpretation of a correlational study.

• Evaluate the correlational result and identify the strength of the correlation.
•  Examine the assumptions and limitations of the possible connection between the researcher’s chosen variables. 
• Identify and describe other statistical tests that could be used to study this relationship.

Your essay response must address the following questions:

• How strong is this correlation? 
  • Is this a positive or negative correlation?
  • What does this correlation mean?
• Does this correlation imply that individuals with high Intelligence Quotients (IQ) have high Grade Point Averages (GPA)?
• Does this correlation provide evidence that high IQ causes GPA to go higher? 
  • What other variables might be influencing this relationship?
• What is the connection between correlation and causation?
• What are some of the factors that affect the size of this correlation?
• Is correlation a good test for predicting GPA? 
  • If not, what statistical tests should a researcher use, and why?

Essay 3
A researcher has recorded the  reaction times of 20 individuals on a memory assessment. The following  table indicates the individual times:

  

*********the table is attached**********

 In this essay, demonstrate your ability to organize data into  meaningful sets, calculate basic descriptive statistics, interpret the  results, and evaluate the effects of outliers and changes in the  variables.  You may use Excel, one of the many free online descriptive  statistics calculators, or calculate the values by hand and/or with a  calculator. 

Next, separate the data into two groups of 10; one group will be the  lower reaction times, and the second group will be the higher reaction  times.  Then, address the following points in your essay response:

• Calculate the sum, mean, mode, median, standard deviation, range, skew, and kurtosis for each group.
• How do the two groups differ?
• Are there any outliers in either data group?
• What effect does an outlier have on a sample?

Lastly, double each sample by repeating the same 10 data points in  each group.  You will have a total of 20 data points for each group.  After completing this, address the following in your essay response:

• Calculate the following for the new data groups: sum, mean, mode, median, standard deviation, range, skew, and kurtosis.
• Did any of the values change?
• How does sample size affect those values?

Part B: Research Study Critique
In this second  portion of the Final Exam, you will identify and critically evaluate a  quantitative research article based on a social science topic.  Your  selected article must include a research question(s) and/or  hypothesis(es) and utilize statistical analyses covered in the course.  The article must be peer-reviewed and published within the last 10  years.

In the body of your critique, describe the statistical approaches  used, the variables included, the hypothesis(es) proposed, and the  interpretation of the results.   In your conclusion, suggest other  statistical approaches that could have been used and, if appropriate,  suggest alternative interpretations of the results.  This process will  allow you to apply the concepts learned throughout the course in the  interpretation of actual scientific research. Your critique must include  the following sections:

1. Introduction: This section will include a general  introduction of the quantitative study from a peer-reviewed source  published within the last 10 years.  The research questions and/or  hypothesis(es) as well as the purpose of the study should be clearly  defined.
2. Methods: Describe and evaluate the procedures and  methods of data collection, measures/instruments used, the participants  and how they were selected, and the statistical techniques used.
3. Results: In this section describe and critique the results presented in the study.
4. Discussion: Discuss and evaluate the efficacy of the  results presented in the study.  Address, the strengths, weaknesses, and  limitations of the study, and suggest future research directions.   Include additional forms of statistical analyses as part of the  suggestions for future research.

The Research Study Critique:

1. Must be three to four double-spaced pages in length (excluding title  and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined  in the Ashford Writing Center.  Use 12-point font, with 1-inch  margins.  
2. Must use the sections and headings described above.
3. Must address the article with critical thought by examining,  reflecting, and evaluating the article from an objective viewpoint and  by using facts to support your argument. Refer to the Critical Thinking Community (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. website for further assistance.
4. Must end with a conclusion that summarizes your critical evaluation.
5. Must use one quantitative research study from a peer-reviewed source that was published within the last 10 years.
6. Must properly cite the source article in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
7. Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.