In Two diferent paragraph give your personal opinion to  Jordan Paltani and  Felita Daniel-sacagiu 

 Jordan Paltani 

• The general problem is kidney organ donor shortages are prevalent in the United States.
• The specific problem is kidney organ donor shortages are prevalent in Alabama.
• The purpose of this research is to increase the number of kidney organ donors in Alabama.
• RQ1: Why are there such shortages in kidney organ donors?
• RQ2: Why are individuals resistant to organ donation?
• RQ3: How can communities communicate the positivity of kidney donation?

1.  43,000 lives every single year are lost due to the kidney shortage.
2. 126,000 people are diagnosed with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
3. Half of those diagnosed with ESRD; about 63,000, will need a kidney transplant.
4. Out of those 63,000 only 20,000 will get a kidney transplant.
5. 31,000 get added to the kidney transplant list every year.

• Gaps in the research might be overall health of those that die before receiving a kidney transplant.
• Conflicting assertions or theories in the research include whether or not to allow the buying and selling of kidneys in the United States. This might backfire and cause the United States to become a black market.

1. Compensate for organ from living donors.
2. Using organs from those who died from cardiac issues; non-beating heart cadaveric patients.
3. Patient to use their sense of altruism and civic duty in regards to donating and not getting paid.

Beard, T. R., Kaserman, D. L., & Osterkamp, R. (2013). The Global Organ Shortage : Economic Causes, Human Consequences, Policy Responses. Stanford Economics and Finance.

Chandis, V. (2006). Addressing a Dire Situation: A Multi-Faceted Approach to the Kidney Shortage. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, 27(1), 205–272.

Clark, M. K. (1994). Solving the Kidney Shortage Crisis through the Use of Non-Heart-Beating Cadaveric Donors: Legal Endorsement of Perfusion as a Standard Procedure. Indiana Law Journal, 70(3), 929–950.

Flescher, A. M. (2018). The Organ Shortage Crisis in America : Incentives, Civic Duty, and Closing the Gap. Georgetown University Press.

Matthews, D. (2019, January 02). Study: The kidney shortage kills more than 40,000 people a year. Retrieved September 28, 2020, from https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/1/2/18165077/kidney-disease-transplant-waiting-list

 Felita Daniel-sacagiu 

• The general problem is opioid death rates are prevalent in the United States
• The specific problem is opioid death rates are prevalent in Tennessee
• The purpose of this research is to reduce death rates associated with opioid use in Tennessee

Research Questions:

• RQ1: How does diagnosis of depression impact opioid abuse?
• RQ2: How does socio-economic status impact opioid abuse?
• RQ3: How does buprenorphine impact opioid abuse?
• Identify and discuss at least five relevant facts ascertained from your literary review that may correlate with your original research problem or topic.
  1. Opioid abuse has a direct correlation on healthcare costs.  Over $70 billion per/year is spent in the US on the Opioid epidemic (Custer, W. S., 2017). 
  2. Opioid abusers incurred annual medical costs ($14054.00) significantly higher from ($6650.00) than non-abusers with private insurance or Medicaid beneficiaries, respectively (Ghate, SR, Haroutiunian S, Winslow R, & McAdam-Marx C., 2010).
  3. Drug donation boxes have been useful in keeping opiates stored safely and securely removed from home environments (Gray, J., Hagemeier, N., Brooks, B., & Alamian, A., 2015).
  4. Doctor hopping is significantly associated with higher odds of engaging in high-risk patient behavior (Young, S. G., Hayes, C. J., Aram, J., & Tait, M. A., 2019). 
  5. High-risk patients obtained a significant proportion of opiates from low-volume prescribers (Chang. H., Murimi. I. B., Jones, C.M., & Alexander, G. C.,2018).
• Identify any gaps in the research.
• There was not a significant volume of research related to donation boxes.

Identify any conflicting assertions or theories in the research.  None

Based on your literature review, brainstorm three possible solutions that may address your original research problem. Share your recommendations supported with scholarly evidence. Explain how these recommendations may address the original research problem.

1. Increase physician education on prescribing naloxone.  Despite substantial increases in naloxone prescriptions, the dispensing rate per high/dose opioid prescription is low.  Healthcare providers can prescribe naloxone when patients present overdose risk factors and educate patients on medication use.  Efforts to improve naloxone access can be a successful approach to decrease opioid overdose (Guy et al., 2019).
2.  Increase the number of secured locations for medication drop boxes and education for usage in larger communities. Studies found that smaller communities used or accessed locked drop boxes more than larger communities.   Communities with less than 10,000 residents had a statistically higher controlled substance donation rate than cities with more than 10,000 residents (Gray et al. 2015).
3. Begin early education on opioid abuse and risks for medical professionals/prescribers.  Develop a full curriculum dedicated to opioid use and abuse, specifically for med students. The curricula do not allocate significant time to addiction education, and many physicians lack the knowledge of how to identify the need for assessment and management. Physicians need to be knowledgeable about how to address opioid abuse and addiction.  Future physicians will be better prepared to address and prevent opioid addiction, reducing the number of addicted patients, and effectively managing the opiate crisis (Ratycz et al. 2018).

References:

• Click, Ivy A., Jeri Ann Basden, Joy M. Bohannon, Heather Anderson, and Fred Tudiver. 2018. “Opioid Prescribing in Rural Family Practices:  A Qualitative Study.” Substance Use & Misuse 53(4): 533-40. doi.org/10.1080/10/260/4.2017.1342659
• Custer, W. S. (2017).  The Opioid Epidemic and Health Plans.  Journal of Financial Service Professionals, 71(5), 40+42

Ghate, SR, Haroutiunian S, Winslow R, & McAdam-Marx C. (2010).  Cost and Comorbidities     

•        Associated with Opioid Abuse in Managed Care and Medicaid Patients in United States:  A   
•        Comparison of Two Recently Published Studies.  Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy, 24(3), 251-258. https://doi.org/10.3109.15360288.2010.501851
• Gray, J., Hagemeier, N., Brooks, B., & Alamian, A. (2015).   Prescription Disposal Practices:  A 2 Year Ecological Study of Drug Drop Box Donations in Appalachia.  American Journal of Public Health, 105(9), e89.  https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302689
• Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. (2017, November 30). The range of opioid prescribers plays a vital role in epidemic, study finds: Findings also indicate other high-risk patient groups much more common than ‘opioid-shoppers.’ ScienceDaily. Retrieved September 29, 2020 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/11/171130090039.htm

M.C., Papadimos, T. J., & Vanderbilt, A.A. (2018). Addressing the growing opioid and 

            heroin abuse epidemic:  a call for medical school curricula.  Medical Education Online,

           23(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2018.1466574

• Young, S. G., Hayes, C. J., Aram, J., & Tait, M. A. (2019).  Doctor hopping and doctor shopping for prescription opioids associated with increased odds of high-risk use.  Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety, 28(8), 1117